亚稳β型TRIP/TWIP钛合金研究进展

综述了当前国内外学者关于具有相变诱发塑性/孪晶诱发塑性(transformation induced plasticity/twinning induced plasticity,TWIP/TRIP)效应的亚稳β型钛合金的研究进展。介绍了该类钛合金的设计方法。统计了近几年开发的TWIP/TRIP钛合金家族成员及其力学性能,归纳了合金在塑性变形过程中的变形产物及其形成机制,指出了该类钛合金在发展过程中遇到的一些问题。     

Photocatalytic Synthesis of p-Anisaldehyde in a Mini Slurry-Bubble Reactor under Solar Light Irradiation

Dense photocatalyst slurry was employed for the synthesis of p-anisaldehyde under solar light irradiation. An Fe-modified rutile TiO ₂ (Fe-TiO _2, 34.5 m ²/g) photocatalyst was used as a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst. A conventional TiO ₂ (P25, 35 m ²/g) photocatalyst was also examined as a reference catalyst. XRD patterns and diffuse reflectance spectra showed that Fe-TiO ₂ consists of 100 % rutile phase and absorbs more visible light compared to P25, respectively. The catalyst powder was suspended in an ethyl acetate solution of p-methoxytoluene in the mini-reactor, with oxygen bubbling, under a solar simulator, visible light, and UV LEDs. p-anisaldehyde, as a reaction product, was analyzed by sampling using gas-chromatograph. Regardless of the light source, Fe-TiO ₂ always outperformed P25 in terms of both generation rates (GR) of p-anisaldehyde and energy requirements (ER). It was demonstrated that the highly dense Fe-TiO ₂ slurry was efficient for the synthesis under solar light owing to the small size of the reactor. The small amount of Pt and ZrO ₂ cocatalysts significantly enhanced the GR under solar light. By adopting a visible light responsive Fe-TiO ₂ photocatalyst, the mini slurry-bubble reactor under solar light achieved a high GR per catalyst mass (CM), which is one to two orders higher than that reported by most previous studies with high-power lamps.     

In vivo assessment of the corrosion of nickel–titanium orthodontic archwires by using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy

This study was undertaken to assess in vivo the corrosion in two commercial nickel–titanium (NiTi) orthodontic archwires removed from the oral cavity of patients using fluoride mouthwashes. Five volunteers took part in this study on the corrosion behavior of two brands of NiTi archwires (3M and AO (brand of archwire)) during use of two mouthwashes with neutral sodium fluoride 1.1%, one with acidulated fluoride 1.1%, and one with placebo and a control group. Each patient used one mouthwash in three different periods of time for 1 min a day for 30 days. The archwires were assessed with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The values obtained with atomic force microscopy (AFM) were submitted to normality test, two‐way analysis of variance, and Tukey's test at a significance level of 5%. The AFM images showed a gradual qualitative increase in the roughness of both types of wire between the treatments: control < placebo < neutral fluoride < acidulated fluoride. The arithmetic average of the roughness and root mean square of the roughness were similar. As for 3M archwires, only the acidulated fluoride group differed statistically from the others. As for AO archwires, the control and placebo groups did not differ from each other, but differed from the other fluoride treatments. The group using neutral fluoride also differed significantly from the acidulated fluoride group. 3M archwires were not affected by daily oral challenges. AO archwires were not affected by daily oral challenges either; their association with fluoride, either neutral or acidulated, increased their roughness.     

Application of kinetics and computational fluid dynamics in pinene isomerization

A reliable kinetic model to describe the effects of various factors on the reaction rate and selectivity of pinene isomerization is developed. Furthermore, computational fluid dynamics(CFD) is applied to simulate the solid–liquid dispersion in reactor. The catalyst Ti M is obtained by improving the composition and structure of hydrated titanium dioxide. The kinetic equation of pinene isomerization is deduced based on reaction mechanism and catalyst deactivation model. The kinetic equation of pinene isomerization reaction is fitted, and the results show that the fitted equation is correlated with the experimental data. The rate and selectivity of pinene isomerization reaction are affected by the amount of catalyst, deactivation of catalyst, structure of catalyst, reaction temperature and water content of catalyst. The solid–liquid distribution of the reactor is calculated by computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation, and the solid–liquid dispersion in commercial scale reactor is more uniform than that in lab-scale reactor.     

钛合金铣削加工表面残余应力有限元仿真

为了分析铣削工艺参数对钛合金已加工表面残余应力的影响,根据金属切削有限元分析的相关理论,以钛合金Ti6Al4V为工件材料,建立了铣削加工的有限元模型。采用正交试验设计法对钛合金Ti6Al4V铣削仿真的工艺参数进行优化,并用极差法分析不同的铣削速度、铣削深度、铣削路径对钛合金Ti6Al4V工已加工表面残余应力的影响。研究表明:在钛合金Ti6Al4V铣削过程中,对工件已加工表面残余应力影响因素由小到大依次为:铣削深度<铣削路径<铣削速度,切削深度对已加工表面残余应力影响较小,铣削速度对已加工表面残余应力影响最大;在研究范围内,随着铣削速度的增大,已加工表面残余应力逐渐增加。     

钛合金表面抗高温氧化涂层的研究进展

钛合金在制造航空航天发动机等关键部件方面具有重要的应用价值，但高温性能不稳定是制约其发展前景的主要原因。采用激光熔覆技术在钛合金表面制备耐高温涂层，是在不改变钛合金材料整体性能的前提下赋予材料表面特殊性能的重要途径。首先介绍了钛合金的氧化行为，并简要分析了钛合金在氧化过程中的氧化特点及失效形式，指明其改善途径。随后总结分析了目前常用的镍基高温涂层、TiAl系高温涂层和高熵合金高温涂层的研究现状，其中镍基合金涂层具有较高的结合强度、良好的耐磨性和优异的耐蚀性，但由于涂层与基体中元素的扩散速率不同导致的差异，造成柯肯达尔空洞的产生，涂层变得不稳定，涂层与基体的结合强度降低。TiAl基合金的高温性能与镍基高温合金相近，且密度小，有代替镍基合金的发展趋势，其涂层表面可以生成均匀致密的Al2O3氧化膜，并且与钛合金基体间的化学成分差异小，基本不发生互扩散现象。但二元TiAl系涂层对于Al的用量有严格的要求，当其使用温度超过850 ℃时，抗氧化性能也会严重降低。因此Ti-Al-X系涂层中X元素（例如Cr、Si、Ni等元素）的添加，可以适当地降低Al含量，促进均匀致密的Al2O3氧化膜的形成，有效地阻止氧元素向基体的扩散，并且比二元TiAl涂层的脆性要低、塑性更好。高熵合金高温涂层具有许多优异的性能，调整其中某一种或者某几种元素的含量都可以进一步优化性能，因此应用前景极为广阔，但其还处于实验室研究阶段，元素配比的不合理，基体元素对熔覆层的反作用，都会使高熵合金的脆性和力学性能达不到理论效果，不能进入真正的应用阶段。最后展望了激光熔覆技术在钛合金表面制备高温涂层的发展趋势。     

非对称因素对热轧纯钛中厚板出口楔形的影响

针对纯钛中厚板热轧过程中可能出现的轧件断面楔形问题,结合四辊轧机设备和工艺的非对称特点,基于影响函数法建立双悬臂梁辊系弹性变形模型,研究对中误差、机架刚度差、坯料楔形、横向温差等非对称因素对轧件断面楔形的影响。结果表明对中误差、机架刚度差、横向温差对出口楔形的影响随着板宽和压下量的增大而增大,入口楔形对出口楔形的影响随着板宽增大和压下量的减小而增大。     

采用图像分析技术对球形Ti-6Al-4V粉末粒形的定量分析

采用图像分析技术对4种不同方法制备的球形Ti-6Al-4V粉末进行粒形的定量分析,分别测量了粉末的球形度、椭圆率、赘生物指数及粗糙度。结果表明:4种方法制备的粉末平均球形度均在90%以上。等离子旋转电极雾化法(PREP)、等离子火炬雾化法(PA)、等离子惰性气体雾化法(PIGA)、电极感应熔炼气雾化法(EIGA)制得粉末球形度依次降低,粗糙度依次增加。PREP、PA、EIGA、PIGA法制得粉末的表面卫星球粘附依次增加。对于PREP法制得粉末,粉末粒径范围越细,球形度越高,平均粗糙度越小。粉末粒形指标的差异与其制备方法的原理有关。采用图像分析技术可以实现对金属粉末粒形指标的科学定量分析。     

氮氩气流量比对磁控溅射氮化钛薄膜微观结构的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究了氮气流量(5、10、25、50 sccm)及氮氩气流量比(4∶1、3∶2、2∶3、1∶4)对磁控溅射TiN薄膜微观形貌和相组成的影响。结果显示,所得样品具有纳米级TiN薄膜的基本特征。当N2与Ar的总流量为5 sccm,而它们的流量比为4∶1时,可以制得品质较好的蓝紫色TiN薄膜。     

铸态Ti-20Zr-20Al钛合金动态压缩力学性能与断裂机制研究

采用X射线衍射仪、金相显微镜、分离式霍普金森杆和扫描电镜等手段研究了Ti-20Zr-20Al钛合金在动态压缩条件下的微观结构、力学性能和断裂机制。结果表明,Ti-20Zr-20Al铸态合金由Zr基体相和TiAl/Ti₃Al针状相组成; 随着应变率增加,合金的抗压强度增加,失效应变显著增加; Ti-20Zr-20Al合金的断裂机制为解理断裂; 随着应变率增加,试验压缩断裂后碎片总数增大,平均粒径减小。采用DID模型模拟的材料碎片尺度与实验结果比较吻合,Grady模型与实验结果的偏差较大。